diff --git a/amanuensis/backend/article.py b/amanuensis/backend/article.py
index 932f70b..53e82af 100644
--- a/amanuensis/backend/article.py
+++ b/amanuensis/backend/article.py
@@ -8,21 +8,17 @@ from amanuensis.db import *
 from amanuensis.errors import ArgumentError
 
 
-def create(
-    db: DbContext,
-    lexicon_id: int,
-    user_id: int,
-    character_id: int) -> Article:
+def create(db: DbContext, lexicon_id: int, user_id: int, character_id: int) -> Article:
     """
     Create a new article in a lexicon.
     """
     # Verify argument types are correct
     if not isinstance(lexicon_id, int):
-        raise ArgumentError('lexicon_id')
+        raise ArgumentError("lexicon_id")
     if not isinstance(user_id, int):
-        raise ArgumentError('user_id')
+        raise ArgumentError("user_id")
     if character_id is not None and not isinstance(character_id, int):
-        raise ArgumentError('character_id')
+        raise ArgumentError("character_id")
 
     # Check that the user is a member of this lexicon
     mem: Membership = db(
@@ -31,31 +27,30 @@ def create(
         .where(Membership.lexicon_id == lexicon_id)
     ).scalar_one_or_none()
     if not mem:
-        raise ArgumentError('User is not a member of lexicon')
+        raise ArgumentError("User is not a member of lexicon")
 
     # If the character id is provided, check that the user owns the character
     # and the character belongs to the lexicon
     if character_id is not None:
         character: Character = db(
-            select(Character)
-            .where(Character.id == character_id)
+            select(Character).where(Character.id == character_id)
         ).scalar_one_or_none()
         if not character:
-            raise ArgumentError('Character does not exist')
+            raise ArgumentError("Character does not exist")
         if character.user.id != user_id:
-            raise ArgumentError('Character is owned by the wrong player')
+            raise ArgumentError("Character is owned by the wrong player")
         if character.lexicon.id != lexicon_id:
-            raise ArgumentError('Character belongs to the wrong lexicon')
+            raise ArgumentError("Character belongs to the wrong lexicon")
         signature = character.signature
     else:
-        signature = '~Ersatz Scrivener'
+        signature = "~Ersatz Scrivener"
 
     new_article = Article(
         lexicon_id=lexicon_id,
         user_id=user_id,
         character_id=character_id,
-        title='Article title',
-        body=f'\n\n{signature}',
+        title="Article title",
+        body=f"\n\n{signature}",
     )
     db.session.add(new_article)
     db.session.commit()
diff --git a/amanuensis/backend/character.py b/amanuensis/backend/character.py
index c8f04da..bedda1f 100644
--- a/amanuensis/backend/character.py
+++ b/amanuensis/backend/character.py
@@ -9,31 +9,28 @@ from amanuensis.errors import ArgumentError
 
 
 def create(
-    db: DbContext,
-    lexicon_id: int,
-    user_id: int,
-    name: str,
-    signature: str) -> Character:
+    db: DbContext, lexicon_id: int, user_id: int, name: str, signature: str
+) -> Character:
     """
     Create a new character for a user.
     """
     # Verify argument types are correct
     if not isinstance(lexicon_id, int):
-        raise ArgumentError('lexicon_id')
+        raise ArgumentError("lexicon_id")
     if not isinstance(user_id, int):
-        raise ArgumentError('user_id')
+        raise ArgumentError("user_id")
     if not isinstance(name, str):
-        raise ArgumentError('name')
+        raise ArgumentError("name")
     if signature is not None and not isinstance(signature, str):
-        raise ArgumentError('signature')
+        raise ArgumentError("signature")
 
     # Verify character name is valid
     if not name.strip():
-        raise ArgumentError('Character name cannot be blank')
+        raise ArgumentError("Character name cannot be blank")
 
     # If no signature is provided, use a default signature
     if not signature or not signature.strip():
-        signature = f'~{name}'
+        signature = f"~{name}"
 
     # Check that the user is a member of this lexicon
     mem: Membership = db(
@@ -42,7 +39,7 @@ def create(
         .where(Membership.lexicon_id == lexicon_id)
     ).scalar_one_or_none()
     if not mem:
-        raise ArgumentError('User is not a member of lexicon')
+        raise ArgumentError("User is not a member of lexicon")
 
     # Check that this user is below the limit for creating characters
     num_user_chars = db(
@@ -50,8 +47,11 @@ def create(
         .where(Character.lexicon_id == lexicon_id)
         .where(Character.user_id == user_id)
     ).scalar()
-    if mem.lexicon.character_limit is not None and num_user_chars >= mem.lexicon.character_limit:
-        raise ArgumentError('User is at character limit')
+    if (
+        mem.lexicon.character_limit is not None
+        and num_user_chars >= mem.lexicon.character_limit
+    ):
+        raise ArgumentError("User is at character limit")
 
     new_character = Character(
         lexicon_id=lexicon_id,
diff --git a/amanuensis/backend/lexicon.py b/amanuensis/backend/lexicon.py
index 7e20790..925f5e9 100644
--- a/amanuensis/backend/lexicon.py
+++ b/amanuensis/backend/lexicon.py
@@ -10,39 +10,34 @@ from amanuensis.db import DbContext, Lexicon
 from amanuensis.errors import ArgumentError
 
 
-RE_ALPHANUM_DASH_UNDER = re.compile(r'^[A-Za-z0-9-_]*$')
+RE_ALPHANUM_DASH_UNDER = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z0-9-_]*$")
 
 
-def create(
-    db: DbContext,
-    name: str,
-    title: str,
-    prompt: str) -> Lexicon:
+def create(db: DbContext, name: str, title: str, prompt: str) -> Lexicon:
     """
     Create a new lexicon.
     """
     # Verify name
     if not isinstance(name, str):
-        raise ArgumentError('Lexicon name must be a string')
+        raise ArgumentError("Lexicon name must be a string")
     if not name.strip():
-        raise ArgumentError('Lexicon name must not be blank')
+        raise ArgumentError("Lexicon name must not be blank")
     if not RE_ALPHANUM_DASH_UNDER.match(name):
-        raise ArgumentError('Lexicon name may only contain alphanumerics, dash, and underscore')
+        raise ArgumentError(
+            "Lexicon name may only contain alphanumerics, dash, and underscore"
+        )
 
     # Verify title
     if title is not None and not isinstance(name, str):
-        raise ArgumentError('Lexicon name must be a string')
+        raise ArgumentError("Lexicon name must be a string")
 
     # Verify prompt
     if not isinstance(prompt, str):
-        raise ArgumentError('Lexicon prompt must be a string')
+        raise ArgumentError("Lexicon prompt must be a string")
 
     # Query the db to make sure the lexicon name isn't taken
-    if db(
-        select(func.count(Lexicon.id))
-        .where(Lexicon.name == name)
-    ).scalar() > 0:
-        raise ArgumentError('Lexicon name is already taken')
+    if db(select(func.count(Lexicon.id)).where(Lexicon.name == name)).scalar() > 0:
+        raise ArgumentError("Lexicon name is already taken")
 
     new_lexicon = Lexicon(
         name=name,
diff --git a/amanuensis/backend/membership.py b/amanuensis/backend/membership.py
index c112b01..511b138 100644
--- a/amanuensis/backend/membership.py
+++ b/amanuensis/backend/membership.py
@@ -8,29 +8,28 @@ from amanuensis.db import DbContext, Membership
 from amanuensis.errors import ArgumentError
 
 
-def create(
-    db: DbContext,
-    user_id: int,
-    lexicon_id: int,
-    is_editor: bool) -> Membership:
+def create(db: DbContext, user_id: int, lexicon_id: int, is_editor: bool) -> Membership:
     """
     Create a new user membership in a lexicon.
     """
     # Verify argument types are correct
     if not isinstance(user_id, int):
-        raise ArgumentError('user_id')
+        raise ArgumentError("user_id")
     if not isinstance(lexicon_id, int):
-        raise ArgumentError('lexicon_id')
+        raise ArgumentError("lexicon_id")
     if not isinstance(is_editor, bool):
-        raise ArgumentError('is_editor')
+        raise ArgumentError("is_editor")
 
     # Verify user has not already joined lexicon
-    if db(
-        select(func.count(Membership.id))
-        .where(Membership.user_id == user_id)
-        .where(Membership.lexicon_id == lexicon_id)
-    ).scalar() > 0:
-        raise ArgumentError('User is already a member of lexicon')
+    if (
+        db(
+            select(func.count(Membership.id))
+            .where(Membership.user_id == user_id)
+            .where(Membership.lexicon_id == lexicon_id)
+        ).scalar()
+        > 0
+    ):
+        raise ArgumentError("User is already a member of lexicon")
 
     new_membership = Membership(
         user_id=user_id,
diff --git a/amanuensis/backend/post.py b/amanuensis/backend/post.py
index 9ce635f..53161b4 100644
--- a/amanuensis/backend/post.py
+++ b/amanuensis/backend/post.py
@@ -9,34 +9,27 @@ from sqlalchemy import select, func
 from amanuensis.db import DbContext, Post
 from amanuensis.errors import ArgumentError
 
-def create(
-    db: DbContext,
-    lexicon_id: int,
-    user_id: int,
-    body: str) -> Post:
+
+def create(db: DbContext, lexicon_id: int, user_id: int, body: str) -> Post:
     """
     Create a new post
     """
 
     # Verify lexicon id
     if not isinstance(lexicon_id, int):
-        raise ArgumentError('Lexicon id must be an integer.')
+        raise ArgumentError("Lexicon id must be an integer.")
 
     # Verify user_id
     if not (isinstance(user_id, int) or user_id is None):
-        raise ArgumentError('User id must be an integer.')
+        raise ArgumentError("User id must be an integer.")
 
     # Verify body
     if not isinstance(body, str):
-        raise ArgumentError('Post body must be a string.')
+        raise ArgumentError("Post body must be a string.")
     if not body.strip():
-        raise ArgumentError('Post body cannot be empty.')
+        raise ArgumentError("Post body cannot be empty.")
 
-    new_post = Post(
-        lexicon_id=lexicon_id,
-        user_id=user_id,
-        body=body
-    )
+    new_post = Post(lexicon_id=lexicon_id, user_id=user_id, body=body)
     db.session.add(new_post)
     db.session.commit()
     return new_post
diff --git a/amanuensis/backend/user.py b/amanuensis/backend/user.py
index 6b30032..5411079 100644
--- a/amanuensis/backend/user.py
+++ b/amanuensis/backend/user.py
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ from amanuensis.db import DbContext, User
 from amanuensis.errors import ArgumentError
 
 
-RE_NO_LETTERS =  re.compile(r'^[0-9-_]*$')
-RE_ALPHANUM_DASH_UNDER = re.compile(r'^[A-Za-z0-9-_]*$')
+RE_NO_LETTERS = re.compile(r"^[0-9-_]*$")
+RE_ALPHANUM_DASH_UNDER = re.compile(r"^[A-Za-z0-9-_]*$")
 
 
 def create(
@@ -21,41 +21,41 @@ def create(
     password: str,
     display_name: str,
     email: str,
-    is_site_admin: bool) -> User:
+    is_site_admin: bool,
+) -> User:
     """
     Create a new user.
     """
     # Verify username
     if not isinstance(username, str):
-        raise ArgumentError('Username must be a string')
+        raise ArgumentError("Username must be a string")
     if len(username) < 3 or len(username) > 32:
-        raise ArgumentError('Username must be between 3 and 32 characters')
+        raise ArgumentError("Username must be between 3 and 32 characters")
     if RE_NO_LETTERS.match(username):
-        raise ArgumentError('Username must contain a letter')
+        raise ArgumentError("Username must contain a letter")
     if not RE_ALPHANUM_DASH_UNDER.match(username):
-        raise ArgumentError('Username may only contain alphanumerics, dash, and underscore')
+        raise ArgumentError(
+            "Username may only contain alphanumerics, dash, and underscore"
+        )
 
     # Verify password
     if not isinstance(password, str):
-        raise ArgumentError('Password must be a string')
+        raise ArgumentError("Password must be a string")
 
     # Verify display name
     if display_name is not None and not isinstance(display_name, str):
-        raise ArgumentError('Display name must be a string')
+        raise ArgumentError("Display name must be a string")
     # If display name is not provided, use the username
     if not display_name or not display_name.strip():
         display_name = username
 
     # Verify email
     if not isinstance(email, str):
-        raise ArgumentError('Email must be a string')
+        raise ArgumentError("Email must be a string")
 
     # Query the db to make sure the username isn't taken
-    if db(
-        select(func.count(User.id))
-        .where(User.username == username)
-    ).scalar() > 0:
-        raise ArgumentError('Username is already taken')
+    if db(select(func.count(User.id)).where(User.username == username)).scalar() > 0:
+        raise ArgumentError("Username is already taken")
 
     new_user = User(
         username=username,
diff --git a/amanuensis/db/__init__.py b/amanuensis/db/__init__.py
index ecec332..0a926d7 100644
--- a/amanuensis/db/__init__.py
+++ b/amanuensis/db/__init__.py
@@ -15,17 +15,17 @@ from .models import (
 )
 
 __all__ = [
-    'DbContext',
-    'User',
-    'Lexicon',
-    'Membership',
-    'Character',
-    'ArticleState',
-    'Article',
-    'IndexType',
-    'ArticleIndex',
-    'ArticleIndexRule',
-    'ArticleContentRuleType',
-    'ArticleContentRule',
-    'Post',
-]
\ No newline at end of file
+    "DbContext",
+    "User",
+    "Lexicon",
+    "Membership",
+    "Character",
+    "ArticleState",
+    "Article",
+    "IndexType",
+    "ArticleIndex",
+    "ArticleIndexRule",
+    "ArticleContentRuleType",
+    "ArticleContentRule",
+    "Post",
+]
diff --git a/amanuensis/db/database.py b/amanuensis/db/database.py
index 988a6ba..254a488 100644
--- a/amanuensis/db/database.py
+++ b/amanuensis/db/database.py
@@ -8,22 +8,25 @@ from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
 
 
 # Define naming conventions for generated constraints
-metadata = MetaData(naming_convention={
-    "ix": "ix_%(column_0_label)s",
-    "uq": "uq_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s",
-    "ck": "ck_%(table_name)s_%(constraint_name)s",
-    "fk": "fk_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s_%(referred_table_name)s",
-    "pk": "pk_%(table_name)s"
-})
+metadata = MetaData(
+    naming_convention={
+        "ix": "ix_%(column_0_label)s",
+        "uq": "uq_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s",
+        "ck": "ck_%(table_name)s_%(constraint_name)s",
+        "fk": "fk_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s_%(referred_table_name)s",
+        "pk": "pk_%(table_name)s",
+    }
+)
 
 # Base class for ORM models
 ModelBase = declarative_base(metadata=metadata)
 
 
-class DbContext():
+class DbContext:
     def __init__(self, db_uri, debug=False):
         # Create an engine and enable foreign key constraints in sqlite
         self.engine = create_engine(db_uri, echo=debug)
+
         @event.listens_for(self.engine, "connect")
         def set_sqlite_pragma(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
             cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
diff --git a/amanuensis/db/models.py b/amanuensis/db/models.py
index 1aca951..471e05a 100644
--- a/amanuensis/db/models.py
+++ b/amanuensis/db/models.py
@@ -28,15 +28,16 @@ class Uuid(TypeDecorator):
     """
     A uuid backed by a char(32) field in sqlite.
     """
+
     impl = CHAR(32)
 
     def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
         if value is None:
             return value
         elif not isinstance(value, uuid.UUID):
-            return f'{uuid.UUID(value).int:32x}'
+            return f"{uuid.UUID(value).int:32x}"
         else:
-            return f'{value.int:32x}'
+            return f"{value.int:32x}"
 
     def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
         if value is None:
@@ -51,7 +52,8 @@ class User(ModelBase):
     """
     Represents a single user of Amanuensis.
     """
-    __tablename__ = 'user'
+
+    __tablename__ = "user"
 
     #############
     # User info #
@@ -73,14 +75,14 @@ class User(ModelBase):
     email = Column(String, nullable=False)
 
     # Whether the user can access site admin functions
-    is_site_admin = Column(Boolean, nullable=False, server_default=text('FALSE'))
+    is_site_admin = Column(Boolean, nullable=False, server_default=text("FALSE"))
 
     ####################
     # History tracking #
     ####################
 
     # The timestamp the user was created
-    created = Column(DateTime, nullable=False, server_default=text('CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'))
+    created = Column(DateTime, nullable=False, server_default=text("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"))
 
     # The timestamp the user last logged in
     # This is NULL if the user has never logged in
@@ -94,17 +96,18 @@ class User(ModelBase):
     # Foreign key relationships #
     #############################
 
-    memberships = relationship('Membership', back_populates='user')
-    characters = relationship('Character', back_populates='user')
-    articles = relationship('Article', back_populates='user')
-    posts = relationship('Post', back_populates='user')
+    memberships = relationship("Membership", back_populates="user")
+    characters = relationship("Character", back_populates="user")
+    articles = relationship("Article", back_populates="user")
+    posts = relationship("Post", back_populates="user")
 
 
 class Lexicon(ModelBase):
     """
     Represents a single game of Lexicon.
     """
-    __tablename__ = 'lexicon'
+
+    __tablename__ = "lexicon"
 
     #############
     # Game info #
@@ -128,10 +131,12 @@ class Lexicon(ModelBase):
     ####################
 
     # The timestamp the lexicon was created
-    created = Column(DateTime, nullable=False, server_default=text('CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'))
+    created = Column(DateTime, nullable=False, server_default=text("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"))
 
     # The timestamp of the last change in game state
-    last_updated = Column(DateTime, nullable=False, server_default=text('CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'))
+    last_updated = Column(
+        DateTime, nullable=False, server_default=text("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")
+    )
 
     # The timestamp the first turn was started
     # This is NULL until the game starts
@@ -221,23 +226,22 @@ class Lexicon(ModelBase):
     # Foreign key relationships #
     #############################
 
-    memberships = relationship('Membership', back_populates='lexicon')
-    characters = relationship('Character', back_populates='lexicon')
-    articles = relationship('Article', back_populates='lexicon')
-    indexes = relationship('ArticleIndex', back_populates='lexicon')
-    index_rules = relationship('ArticleIndexRule', back_populates='lexicon')
-    content_rules = relationship('ArticleContentRule', back_populates='lexicon')
-    posts = relationship('Post', back_populates='lexicon')
+    memberships = relationship("Membership", back_populates="lexicon")
+    characters = relationship("Character", back_populates="lexicon")
+    articles = relationship("Article", back_populates="lexicon")
+    indexes = relationship("ArticleIndex", back_populates="lexicon")
+    index_rules = relationship("ArticleIndexRule", back_populates="lexicon")
+    content_rules = relationship("ArticleContentRule", back_populates="lexicon")
+    posts = relationship("Post", back_populates="lexicon")
 
 
 class Membership(ModelBase):
     """
     Represents a user's participation in a Lexicon game.
     """
-    __tablename__ = 'membership'
-    __table_args__ = (
-        UniqueConstraint('user_id', 'lexicon_id'),
-    )
+
+    __tablename__ = "membership"
+    __table_args__ = (UniqueConstraint("user_id", "lexicon_id"),)
 
     ###################
     # Membership keys #
@@ -247,17 +251,17 @@ class Membership(ModelBase):
     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
 
     # The user who is a member of a lexicon
-    user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('user.id'), nullable=False)
+    user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("user.id"), nullable=False)
 
     # The lexicon of which the user is a member
-    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('lexicon.id'), nullable=False)
+    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("lexicon.id"), nullable=False)
 
     ####################
     # History tracking #
     ####################
 
     # Timestamp the user joined the game
-    joined = Column(DateTime, nullable=False, server_default=text('CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'))
+    joined = Column(DateTime, nullable=False, server_default=text("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"))
 
     # Timestamp of the last time the user viewed the post feed
     # This is NULL if the player has never viewed posts
@@ -268,7 +272,7 @@ class Membership(ModelBase):
     ###################
 
     # Whether the user can access editor functions
-    is_editor = Column(Boolean, nullable=False, server_default=text('FALSE'))
+    is_editor = Column(Boolean, nullable=False, server_default=text("FALSE"))
 
     #########################
     # Notification settings #
@@ -287,15 +291,16 @@ class Membership(ModelBase):
     # Foreign key relationships #
     #############################
 
-    user = relationship('User', back_populates='memberships')
-    lexicon = relationship('Lexicon', back_populates='memberships')
+    user = relationship("User", back_populates="memberships")
+    lexicon = relationship("Lexicon", back_populates="memberships")
 
 
 class Character(ModelBase):
     """
     Represents a character played by a uaser in a Lexicon game.
     """
-    __tablename__ = 'character'
+
+    __tablename__ = "character"
 
     ##################
     # Character info #
@@ -308,10 +313,10 @@ class Character(ModelBase):
     public_id = Column(Uuid, nullable=False, unique=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
 
     # The lexicon to which this character belongs
-    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('lexicon.id'), nullable=False)
+    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("lexicon.id"), nullable=False)
 
     # The user to whom this character belongs
-    user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('user.id'), nullable=False)
+    user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("user.id"), nullable=False)
 
     # The character's name
     name = Column(String, nullable=False)
@@ -323,16 +328,17 @@ class Character(ModelBase):
     # Foreign key relationships #
     #############################
 
-    user = relationship('User', back_populates='characters')
-    lexicon = relationship('Lexicon', back_populates='characters')
-    articles = relationship('Article', back_populates='character')
-    index_rules = relationship('ArticleIndexRule', back_populates='character')
+    user = relationship("User", back_populates="characters")
+    lexicon = relationship("Lexicon", back_populates="characters")
+    articles = relationship("Article", back_populates="character")
+    index_rules = relationship("ArticleIndexRule", back_populates="character")
 
 
 class ArticleState(enum.Enum):
     """
     The step of the editorial process an article is in.
     """
+
     DRAFT = 0
     SUBMITTED = 1
     APPROVED = 2
@@ -342,7 +348,8 @@ class Article(ModelBase):
     """
     Represents a single article in a lexicon.
     """
-    __tablename__ = 'article'
+
+    __tablename__ = "article"
 
     ################
     # Article info #
@@ -355,17 +362,17 @@ class Article(ModelBase):
     public_id = Column(Uuid, nullable=False, unique=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
 
     # The lexicon to which this article belongs
-    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('lexicon.id'), nullable=False)
+    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("lexicon.id"), nullable=False)
 
     # The character who is the author of this article
     # If this is NULL, the article is written by Ersatz Scrivener
-    character_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('character.id'), nullable=True)
+    character_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("character.id"), nullable=True)
 
     # The user who owns this article
-    user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('user.id'), nullable=False)
+    user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("user.id"), nullable=False)
 
     # The article to which this is an addendum
-    addendum_to = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('article.id'), nullable=True)
+    addendum_to = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("article.id"), nullable=True)
 
     #################
     # Article state #
@@ -386,7 +393,9 @@ class Article(ModelBase):
     ####################
 
     # Timestamp the content of the article was last updated
-    last_updated = Column(DateTime, nullable=False, server_default=text('CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'))
+    last_updated = Column(
+        DateTime, nullable=False, server_default=text("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP")
+    )
 
     # Timestamp the article was last submitted
     # This is NULL until the article is submitted
@@ -410,16 +419,17 @@ class Article(ModelBase):
     # Foreign key relationships #
     #############################
 
-    lexicon = relationship('Lexicon', back_populates='articles')
-    character = relationship('Character', back_populates='articles')
-    user = relationship('User', back_populates='articles')
-    addenda = relationship('Article', backref=backref('parent', remote_side=[id]))
+    lexicon = relationship("Lexicon", back_populates="articles")
+    character = relationship("Character", back_populates="articles")
+    user = relationship("User", back_populates="articles")
+    addenda = relationship("Article", backref=backref("parent", remote_side=[id]))
 
 
 class IndexType(enum.Enum):
     """
     The title-matching behavior of an article index.
     """
+
     CHAR = 0
     RANGE = 1
     PREFIX = 2
@@ -430,7 +440,8 @@ class ArticleIndex(ModelBase):
     """
     Represents an index definition.
     """
-    __tablename__ = 'article_index'
+
+    __tablename__ = "article_index"
 
     ##############
     # Index info #
@@ -440,7 +451,7 @@ class ArticleIndex(ModelBase):
     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
 
     # The lexicon this index is in
-    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('lexicon.id'), nullable=False)
+    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("lexicon.id"), nullable=False)
 
     # The index type
     index_type = Column(Enum(IndexType), nullable=False)
@@ -462,8 +473,8 @@ class ArticleIndex(ModelBase):
     # Foreign key relationships #
     #############################
 
-    lexicon = relationship('Lexicon', back_populates='indexes')
-    index_rules = relationship('ArticleIndexRule', back_populates='index')
+    lexicon = relationship("Lexicon", back_populates="indexes")
+    index_rules = relationship("ArticleIndexRule", back_populates="index")
 
 
 class ArticleIndexRule(ModelBase):
@@ -472,7 +483,8 @@ class ArticleIndexRule(ModelBase):
     A character with multiple index rules may write in any index that satisfies
     a rule. A character with no index rules may write in any index.
     """
-    __tablename__ = 'article_index_rule'
+
+    __tablename__ = "article_index_rule"
 
     ###################
     # Index rule info #
@@ -482,17 +494,17 @@ class ArticleIndexRule(ModelBase):
     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
 
     # The lexicon of this index rule
-    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('lexicon.id'), nullable=False)
+    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("lexicon.id"), nullable=False)
 
     ####################
     # Index rule scope #
     ####################
 
     # The character to whom this rule applies
-    character_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('character.id'), nullable=False)
+    character_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("character.id"), nullable=False)
 
     # The index to which the character is restricted
-    index_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('article_index.id'), nullable=False)
+    index_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("article_index.id"), nullable=False)
 
     # The turn in which this rule applies
     turn = Column(Integer, nullable=False)
@@ -501,15 +513,16 @@ class ArticleIndexRule(ModelBase):
     # Foreign key relationships #
     #############################
 
-    lexicon = relationship('Lexicon', back_populates='index_rules')
-    index = relationship('ArticleIndex', back_populates='index_rules')
-    character = relationship('Character', back_populates='index_rules')
+    lexicon = relationship("Lexicon", back_populates="index_rules")
+    index = relationship("ArticleIndex", back_populates="index_rules")
+    character = relationship("Character", back_populates="index_rules")
 
 
 class ArticleContentRuleType(enum.Enum):
     """
     The possible article content rules.
     """
+
     # Whether characters can cite themselves
     ALLOW_SELF_CITE = 0
     # Whether characters can write new articles instead of phantoms
@@ -543,7 +556,8 @@ class ArticleContentRule(ModelBase):
     """
     Represents a restriction on the content of an article for a turn.
     """
-    __tablename__ = 'article_content_rule'
+
+    __tablename__ = "article_content_rule"
 
     #####################
     # Content rule info #
@@ -553,7 +567,7 @@ class ArticleContentRule(ModelBase):
     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
 
     # The lexicon of this content rule
-    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('lexicon.id'), nullable=False)
+    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("lexicon.id"), nullable=False)
 
     ######################
     # Content rule scope #
@@ -577,14 +591,15 @@ class ArticleContentRule(ModelBase):
     # Foreign key relationships #
     #############################
 
-    lexicon = relationship('Lexicon', back_populates='content_rules')
+    lexicon = relationship("Lexicon", back_populates="content_rules")
 
 
 class Post(ModelBase):
     """
     Represents a post in the game feed.
     """
-    __tablename__ = 'post'
+
+    __tablename__ = "post"
 
     #############
     # Post info #
@@ -594,18 +609,18 @@ class Post(ModelBase):
     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
 
     # The lexicon in which the post was made
-    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('lexicon.id'), nullable=False)
+    lexicon_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("lexicon.id"), nullable=False)
 
     # The user who made the post
     # This may be NULL if the post was made by Amanuensis
-    user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('user.id'), nullable=True)
+    user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("user.id"), nullable=True)
 
     ################
     # Post content #
     ################
 
     # The timestamp the post was created
-    created = Column(DateTime, nullable=False, server_default=text('CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'))
+    created = Column(DateTime, nullable=False, server_default=text("CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"))
 
     # The body of the post
     body = Column(Text, nullable=False)
@@ -614,5 +629,5 @@ class Post(ModelBase):
     # Foreign key relationships #
     #############################
 
-    user = relationship('User', back_populates='posts')
-    lexicon = relationship('Lexicon', back_populates='posts')
+    user = relationship("User", back_populates="posts")
+    lexicon = relationship("Lexicon", back_populates="posts")
diff --git a/amanuensis/errors.py b/amanuensis/errors.py
index dca7c6f..b6a9145 100644
--- a/amanuensis/errors.py
+++ b/amanuensis/errors.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 Submodule of custom exception types
 """
 
+
 class AmanuensisError(Exception):
     """Base class for exceptions in amanuensis"""
 
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index 4cf5c7e..ab419ae 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+[[package]]
+name = "appdirs"
+version = "1.4.4"
+description = "A small Python module for determining appropriate platform-specific dirs, e.g. a \"user data dir\"."
+category = "dev"
+optional = false
+python-versions = "*"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "atomicwrites"
 version = "1.4.0"
@@ -8,17 +16,39 @@ python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "attrs"
-version = "20.3.0"
+version = "21.2.0"
 description = "Classes Without Boilerplate"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*"
+python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*"
 
 [package.extras]
-dev = ["coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "hypothesis", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "six", "zope.interface", "furo", "sphinx", "pre-commit"]
-docs = ["furo", "sphinx", "zope.interface"]
-tests = ["coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "hypothesis", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "six", "zope.interface"]
-tests_no_zope = ["coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "hypothesis", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "six"]
+dev = ["coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "hypothesis", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "six", "mypy", "pytest-mypy-plugins", "zope.interface", "furo", "sphinx", "sphinx-notfound-page", "pre-commit"]
+docs = ["furo", "sphinx", "zope.interface", "sphinx-notfound-page"]
+tests = ["coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "hypothesis", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "six", "mypy", "pytest-mypy-plugins", "zope.interface"]
+tests_no_zope = ["coverage[toml] (>=5.0.2)", "hypothesis", "pympler", "pytest (>=4.3.0)", "six", "mypy", "pytest-mypy-plugins"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "black"
+version = "21.5b2"
+description = "The uncompromising code formatter."
+category = "dev"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.6.2"
+
+[package.dependencies]
+appdirs = "*"
+click = ">=7.1.2"
+mypy-extensions = ">=0.4.3"
+pathspec = ">=0.8.1,<1"
+regex = ">=2020.1.8"
+toml = ">=0.10.1"
+
+[package.extras]
+colorama = ["colorama (>=0.4.3)"]
+d = ["aiohttp (>=3.6.0)", "aiohttp-cors (>=0.4.0)"]
+python2 = ["typed-ast (>=1.4.2)"]
+uvloop = ["uvloop (>=0.15.2)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "click"
@@ -38,17 +68,17 @@ python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flask"
-version = "1.1.2"
+version = "1.1.4"
 description = "A simple framework for building complex web applications."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*"
 
 [package.dependencies]
-click = ">=5.1"
-itsdangerous = ">=0.24"
-Jinja2 = ">=2.10.1"
-Werkzeug = ">=0.15"
+click = ">=5.1,<8.0"
+itsdangerous = ">=0.24,<2.0"
+Jinja2 = ">=2.10.1,<3.0"
+Werkzeug = ">=0.15,<2.0"
 
 [package.extras]
 dev = ["pytest", "coverage", "tox", "sphinx", "pallets-sphinx-themes", "sphinxcontrib-log-cabinet", "sphinx-issues"]
@@ -81,7 +111,7 @@ WTForms = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "greenlet"
-version = "1.0.0"
+version = "1.1.0"
 description = "Lightweight in-process concurrent programming"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -114,20 +144,28 @@ i18n = ["Babel (>=0.8)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "markupsafe"
-version = "1.1.1"
+version = "2.0.1"
 description = "Safely add untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup."
 category = "main"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=2.7,!=3.0.*,!=3.1.*,!=3.2.*,!=3.3.*"
+python-versions = ">=3.6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "more-itertools"
-version = "8.7.0"
+version = "8.8.0"
 description = "More routines for operating on iterables, beyond itertools"
 category = "dev"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.5"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "mypy-extensions"
+version = "0.4.3"
+description = "Experimental type system extensions for programs checked with the mypy typechecker."
+category = "dev"
+optional = false
+python-versions = "*"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "packaging"
 version = "20.9"
@@ -139,6 +177,14 @@ python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*"
 [package.dependencies]
 pyparsing = ">=2.0.2"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "pathspec"
+version = "0.8.1"
+description = "Utility library for gitignore style pattern matching of file paths."
+category = "dev"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pluggy"
 version = "0.13.1"
@@ -188,9 +234,17 @@ wcwidth = "*"
 checkqa-mypy = ["mypy (==v0.761)"]
 testing = ["argcomplete", "hypothesis (>=3.56)", "mock", "nose", "requests", "xmlschema"]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "regex"
+version = "2021.4.4"
+description = "Alternative regular expression module, to replace re."
+category = "dev"
+optional = false
+python-versions = "*"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlalchemy"
-version = "1.4.12"
+version = "1.4.17"
 description = "Database Abstraction Library"
 category = "main"
 optional = false
@@ -219,6 +273,14 @@ postgresql_psycopg2cffi = ["psycopg2cffi"]
 pymysql = ["pymysql (<1)", "pymysql"]
 sqlcipher = ["sqlcipher3-binary"]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "toml"
+version = "0.10.2"
+description = "Python Library for Tom's Obvious, Minimal Language"
+category = "dev"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=2.6, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wcwidth"
 version = "0.2.5"
@@ -258,16 +320,24 @@ locale = ["Babel (>=1.3)"]
 [metadata]
 lock-version = "1.1"
 python-versions = "^3.8"
-content-hash = "48928fcd093c025ed3b9ed6153fd54310cbdefdaba133a57b4a2bfb6c9f5941f"
+content-hash = "e81ba4ffeb172410ef80bd6500c0af4e3be6b800d9cfda85df2f6a5c74319d87"
 
 [metadata.files]
+appdirs = [
+    {file = "appdirs-1.4.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:a841dacd6b99318a741b166adb07e19ee71a274450e68237b4650ca1055ab128"},
+    {file = "appdirs-1.4.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:7d5d0167b2b1ba821647616af46a749d1c653740dd0d2415100fe26e27afdf41"},
+]
 atomicwrites = [
     {file = "atomicwrites-1.4.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:6d1784dea7c0c8d4a5172b6c620f40b6e4cbfdf96d783691f2e1302a7b88e197"},
     {file = "atomicwrites-1.4.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ae70396ad1a434f9c7046fd2dd196fc04b12f9e91ffb859164193be8b6168a7a"},
 ]
 attrs = [
-    {file = "attrs-20.3.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:31b2eced602aa8423c2aea9c76a724617ed67cf9513173fd3a4f03e3a929c7e6"},
-    {file = "attrs-20.3.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:832aa3cde19744e49938b91fea06d69ecb9e649c93ba974535d08ad92164f700"},
+    {file = "attrs-21.2.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:149e90d6d8ac20db7a955ad60cf0e6881a3f20d37096140088356da6c716b0b1"},
+    {file = "attrs-21.2.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:ef6aaac3ca6cd92904cdd0d83f629a15f18053ec84e6432106f7a4d04ae4f5fb"},
+]
+black = [
+    {file = "black-21.5b2-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:e5cf21ebdffc7a9b29d73912b6a6a9a4df4ce70220d523c21647da2eae0751ef"},
+    {file = "black-21.5b2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1fc0e0a2c8ae7d269dfcf0c60a89afa299664f3e811395d40b1922dff8f854b5"},
 ]
 click = [
     {file = "click-7.1.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:dacca89f4bfadd5de3d7489b7c8a566eee0d3676333fbb50030263894c38c0dc"},
@@ -278,8 +348,8 @@ colorama = [
     {file = "colorama-0.4.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5941b2b48a20143d2267e95b1c2a7603ce057ee39fd88e7329b0c292aa16869b"},
 ]
 flask = [
-    {file = "Flask-1.1.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:8a4fdd8936eba2512e9c85df320a37e694c93945b33ef33c89946a340a238557"},
-    {file = "Flask-1.1.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:4efa1ae2d7c9865af48986de8aeb8504bf32c7f3d6fdc9353d34b21f4b127060"},
+    {file = "Flask-1.1.4-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:c34f04500f2cbbea882b1acb02002ad6fe6b7ffa64a6164577995657f50aed22"},
+    {file = "Flask-1.1.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:0fbeb6180d383a9186d0d6ed954e0042ad9f18e0e8de088b2b419d526927d196"},
 ]
 flask-login = [
     {file = "Flask-Login-0.5.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:6d33aef15b5bcead780acc339464aae8a6e28f13c90d8b1cf9de8b549d1c0b4b"},
@@ -290,49 +360,55 @@ flask-wtf = [
     {file = "Flask_WTF-0.14.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:57b3faf6fe5d6168bda0c36b0df1d05770f8e205e18332d0376ddb954d17aef2"},
 ]
 greenlet = [
-    {file = "greenlet-1.0.0-cp27-cp27m-macosx_10_14_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:1d1d4473ecb1c1d31ce8fd8d91e4da1b1f64d425c1dc965edc4ed2a63cfa67b2"},
-    {file = "greenlet-1.0.0-cp27-cp27m-manylinux1_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:cfd06e0f0cc8db2a854137bd79154b61ecd940dce96fad0cba23fe31de0b793c"},
-    {file = "greenlet-1.0.0-cp27-cp27m-manylinux2010_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:eb333b90036358a0e2c57373f72e7648d7207b76ef0bd00a4f7daad1f79f5203"},
-    {file = "greenlet-1.0.0-cp27-cp27m-win32.whl", hash = "sha256:1a1ada42a1fd2607d232ae11a7b3195735edaa49ea787a6d9e6a53afaf6f3476"},
-    {file = "greenlet-1.0.0-cp27-cp27m-win_amd64.whl", hash = "sha256:f6f65bf54215e4ebf6b01e4bb94c49180a589573df643735107056f7a910275b"},
-    {file = "greenlet-1.0.0-cp27-cp27mu-manylinux1_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:f59eded163d9752fd49978e0bab7a1ff21b1b8d25c05f0995d140cc08ac83379"},
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+    {file = "SQLAlchemy-1.4.17.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:651cdb3adcee13624ba22d5ff3e96f91e16a115d2ca489ddc16a8e4c217e8509"},
+]
+toml = [
+    {file = "toml-0.10.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:806143ae5bfb6a3c6e736a764057db0e6a0e05e338b5630894a5f779cabb4f9b"},
+    {file = "toml-0.10.2.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b3bda1d108d5dd99f4a20d24d9c348e91c4db7ab1b749200bded2f839ccbe68f"},
 ]
 wcwidth = [
     {file = "wcwidth-0.2.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:beb4802a9cebb9144e99086eff703a642a13d6a0052920003a230f3294bbe784"},
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 8cd59b7..cf38106 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -13,6 +13,21 @@ SQLAlchemy = "^1.4.12"
 
 [tool.poetry.dev-dependencies]
 pytest = "^5.2"
+black = "^21.5b2"
+
+[tool.black]
+extend-exclude = '''
+^/amanuensis/cli/.*|
+^/amanuensis/config/.*|
+^/amanuensis/lexicon/.*|
+^/amanuensis/log/.*|
+^/amanuensis/models/.*|
+^/amanuensis/parser/.*|
+^/amanuensis/resources/.*|
+^/amanuensis/server/.*|
+^/amanuensis/user/.*|
+^/amanuensis/__main__.py
+'''
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 addopts = "--show-capture=log"
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index dc6662a..68c8f78 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import amanuensis.backend.user as userq
 @pytest.fixture
 def db():
     """Provides an initialized database in memory."""
-    db = DbContext('sqlite:///:memory:', debug=False)
+    db = DbContext("sqlite:///:memory:", debug=False)
     db.create_all()
     return db
 
@@ -21,58 +21,66 @@ def db():
 @pytest.fixture
 def make_user(db: DbContext):
     """Provides a factory function for creating users, with valid default values."""
-    def user_factory(state={'nonce': 1}, **kwargs):
+
+    def user_factory(state={"nonce": 1}, **kwargs):
         default_kwargs = {
-            'username': f'test_user_{state["nonce"]}',
-            'password': 'password',
-            'display_name': None,
-            'email': 'user@example.com',
-            'is_site_admin': False,
+            "username": f'test_user_{state["nonce"]}',
+            "password": "password",
+            "display_name": None,
+            "email": "user@example.com",
+            "is_site_admin": False,
         }
-        state['nonce'] += 1
+        state["nonce"] += 1
         updated_kwargs = {**default_kwargs, **kwargs}
         return userq.create(db, **updated_kwargs)
+
     return user_factory
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def make_lexicon(db: DbContext):
     """Provides a factory function for creating lexicons, with valid default values."""
-    def lexicon_factory(state={'nonce': 1}, **kwargs):
+
+    def lexicon_factory(state={"nonce": 1}, **kwargs):
         default_kwargs = {
-            'name': f'Test_{state["nonce"]}',
-            'title': None,
-            'prompt': f'Test Lexicon game {state["nonce"]}'
+            "name": f'Test_{state["nonce"]}',
+            "title": None,
+            "prompt": f'Test Lexicon game {state["nonce"]}',
         }
-        state['nonce'] += 1
+        state["nonce"] += 1
         updated_kwargs = {**default_kwargs, **kwargs}
         return lexiq.create(db, **updated_kwargs)
+
     return lexicon_factory
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def make_membership(db: DbContext):
     """Provides a factory function for creating memberships, with valid default values."""
+
     def membership_factory(**kwargs):
         default_kwargs = {
-            'is_editor': False,
+            "is_editor": False,
         }
         updated_kwargs = {**default_kwargs, **kwargs}
         return memq.create(db, **updated_kwargs)
+
     return membership_factory
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def make_character(db: DbContext):
     """Provides a factory function for creating characters, with valid default values."""
-    def character_factory(state={'nonce': 1}, **kwargs):
+
+    def character_factory(state={"nonce": 1}, **kwargs):
         default_kwargs = {
-            'name': f'Character {state["nonce"]}',
-            'signature': None,
+            "name": f'Character {state["nonce"]}',
+            "signature": None,
         }
-        state['nonce'] += 1
+        state["nonce"] += 1
         updated_kwargs = {**default_kwargs, **kwargs}
         return charq.create(db, **updated_kwargs)
+
     return character_factory
 
 
@@ -87,11 +95,8 @@ class TestFactory:
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def make(
-    db: DbContext,
-    make_user,
-    make_lexicon,
-    make_membership,
-    make_character) -> TestFactory:
+    db: DbContext, make_user, make_lexicon, make_membership, make_character
+) -> TestFactory:
     """Fixture that groups all factory fixtures together."""
     return TestFactory(
         db,
@@ -109,6 +114,8 @@ def lexicon_with_editor(make):
     assert editor
     lexicon = make.lexicon()
     assert lexicon
-    membership = make.membership(user_id=editor.id, lexicon_id=lexicon.id, is_editor=True)
+    membership = make.membership(
+        user_id=editor.id, lexicon_id=lexicon.id, is_editor=True
+    )
     assert membership
     return (lexicon, editor)
diff --git a/tests/test_character.py b/tests/test_character.py
index 0a1e2e5..55f33b1 100644
--- a/tests/test_character.py
+++ b/tests/test_character.py
@@ -9,33 +9,33 @@ def test_create_character(db: DbContext, lexicon_with_editor, make):
     """Test creating a character."""
     lexicon, user = lexicon_with_editor
     kwargs = {
-        'db': db,
-        'user_id': user.id,
-        'lexicon_id': lexicon.id,
-        'name': 'Character Name',
-        'signature': 'Signature',
+        "db": db,
+        "user_id": user.id,
+        "lexicon_id": lexicon.id,
+        "name": "Character Name",
+        "signature": "Signature",
     }
 
     # Bad argument types
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        charq.create(**{**kwargs, 'name': b'bytestring'})
+        charq.create(**{**kwargs, "name": b"bytestring"})
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        charq.create(**{**kwargs, 'name': None})
+        charq.create(**{**kwargs, "name": None})
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        charq.create(**{**kwargs, 'signature': b'bytestring'})
+        charq.create(**{**kwargs, "signature": b"bytestring"})
 
     # Bad character name
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        charq.create(**{**kwargs, 'name': ' '})
+        charq.create(**{**kwargs, "name": " "})
 
     # Signature is auto-populated
-    char = charq.create(**{**kwargs, 'signature': None})
+    char = charq.create(**{**kwargs, "signature": None})
     assert char.signature is not None
 
     # User must be in lexicon
     new_user = make.user()
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        charq.create(**{**kwargs, 'user_id': new_user.id})
+        charq.create(**{**kwargs, "user_id": new_user.id})
 
 
 def test_character_limits(db: DbContext, lexicon_with_editor):
@@ -47,27 +47,31 @@ def test_character_limits(db: DbContext, lexicon_with_editor):
     # Set character limit to one and create a character
     lexicon.character_limit = 1
     db.session.commit()
-    char1 = charq.create(db, lexicon.id, user.id, 'Test Character 1', signature=None)
-    assert char1.id, 'Failed to create character 1'
+    char1 = charq.create(db, lexicon.id, user.id, "Test Character 1", signature=None)
+    assert char1.id, "Failed to create character 1"
 
     # Creating a second character should fail
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        char2 = charq.create(db, lexicon.id, user.id, 'Test Character 2', signature=None)
+        char2 = charq.create(
+            db, lexicon.id, user.id, "Test Character 2", signature=None
+        )
         assert char2
 
     # Raising the limit to 2 should allow a second character
     lexicon.character_limit = 2
     db.session.commit()
-    char2 = charq.create(db, lexicon.id, user.id, 'Test Character 2', signature=None)
-    assert char2.id, 'Failed to create character 2'
+    char2 = charq.create(db, lexicon.id, user.id, "Test Character 2", signature=None)
+    assert char2.id, "Failed to create character 2"
 
     # Creating a third character should fail
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        char3 = charq.create(db, lexicon.id, user.id, 'Test Character 3', signature=None)
+        char3 = charq.create(
+            db, lexicon.id, user.id, "Test Character 3", signature=None
+        )
         assert char3
 
     # Setting the limit to null should allow a third character
     lexicon.character_limit = None
     db.session.commit()
-    char3 = charq.create(db, lexicon.id, user.id, 'Test Character 3', signature=None)
-    assert char3.id, 'Failed to create character 3'
+    char3 = charq.create(db, lexicon.id, user.id, "Test Character 3", signature=None)
+    assert char3.id, "Failed to create character 3"
diff --git a/tests/test_lexicon.py b/tests/test_lexicon.py
index b0dfe9b..0af9546 100644
--- a/tests/test_lexicon.py
+++ b/tests/test_lexicon.py
@@ -9,24 +9,20 @@ from amanuensis.errors import ArgumentError
 
 def test_create_lexicon(db: DbContext):
     """Test new game creation."""
-    kwargs = {
-        'name': 'Test',
-        'title': None,
-        'prompt': 'A test Lexicon game'
-    }
+    kwargs = {"name": "Test", "title": None, "prompt": "A test Lexicon game"}
     # Test name constraints
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        lexiq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'name': None})
+        lexiq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "name": None})
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        lexiq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'name': ''})
+        lexiq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "name": ""})
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        lexiq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'name': ' '})
+        lexiq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "name": " "})
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        lexiq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'name': '..'})
+        lexiq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "name": ".."})
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        lexiq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'name': '\x00'})
+        lexiq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "name": "\x00"})
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        lexiq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'name': 'space in name'})
+        lexiq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "name": "space in name"})
 
     # Validate that creation populates fields, including timestamps
     before = datetime.datetime.utcnow() - datetime.timedelta(seconds=1)
diff --git a/tests/test_membership.py b/tests/test_membership.py
index d478394..a86c79e 100644
--- a/tests/test_membership.py
+++ b/tests/test_membership.py
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ def test_create_membership(db: DbContext, make):
     """Test joining a game."""
     # Set up a user and a lexicon
     new_user = make.user()
-    assert new_user.id, 'Failed to create user'
+    assert new_user.id, "Failed to create user"
     new_lexicon = make.lexicon()
-    assert new_lexicon.id, 'Failed to create lexicon'
+    assert new_lexicon.id, "Failed to create lexicon"
 
     # Add the user to the lexicon as an editor
     mem = memq.create(db, new_user.id, new_lexicon.id, True)
-    assert mem, 'Failed to create membership'
+    assert mem, "Failed to create membership"
 
     # Check that the user and lexicon are mutually visible in the ORM relationships
     assert any(map(lambda mem: mem.lexicon == new_lexicon, new_user.memberships))
diff --git a/tests/test_post.py b/tests/test_post.py
index 0e14cdd..bb0b61d 100644
--- a/tests/test_post.py
+++ b/tests/test_post.py
@@ -11,29 +11,25 @@ def test_create_post(db: DbContext, lexicon_with_editor):
     lexicon, editor = lexicon_with_editor
 
     # argument dictionary for post object
-    kwargs = {
-        'lexicon_id': lexicon.id,
-        'user_id': editor.id,
-        'body': 'body'
-    }
+    kwargs = {"lexicon_id": lexicon.id, "user_id": editor.id, "body": "body"}
 
     # ids are integers
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'user_id': 'zero'})
+        postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "user_id": "zero"})
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'lexicon_id': 'zero'})
+        postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "lexicon_id": "zero"})
 
     # empty arguments don't work
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'lexicon_id': ''})
+        postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "lexicon_id": ""})
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'user_id': ''})
+        postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "user_id": ""})
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'body': ''})
+        postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "body": ""})
 
     # post with only whitespace doesn't work
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'body': '    '})
+        postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "body": "    "})
 
     # post creation works and populates fields
     new_post = postq.create(db, **kwargs)
@@ -43,6 +39,6 @@ def test_create_post(db: DbContext, lexicon_with_editor):
     assert new_post.body is not None
 
     # post creation works when user is None
-    new_post = postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'user_id': None})
+    new_post = postq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "user_id": None})
     assert new_post
     assert new_post.user_id is None
diff --git a/tests/test_user.py b/tests/test_user.py
index 099f871..71b483a 100644
--- a/tests/test_user.py
+++ b/tests/test_user.py
@@ -8,24 +8,26 @@ from amanuensis.errors import ArgumentError
 def test_create_user(db: DbContext):
     """Test new user creation."""
     kwargs = {
-        'username': 'username',
-        'password': 'password',
-        'display_name': 'User Name',
-        'email': 'user@example.com',
-        'is_site_admin': False
+        "username": "username",
+        "password": "password",
+        "display_name": "User Name",
+        "email": "user@example.com",
+        "is_site_admin": False,
     }
 
     # Test length constraints
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        userq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'username': 'me'})
+        userq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "username": "me"})
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        userq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'username': 'the right honorable user-name, esquire'})
+        userq.create(
+            db, **{**kwargs, "username": "the right honorable user-name, esquire"}
+        )
     # Test allowed characters
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        userq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'username': 'user name'})
+        userq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "username": "user name"})
     # No password
     with pytest.raises(ArgumentError):
-        userq.create(db, **{**kwargs, 'password': None})
+        userq.create(db, **{**kwargs, "password": None})
 
     # Valid creation works and populates fields
     new_user = userq.create(db, **kwargs)
@@ -38,6 +40,6 @@ def test_create_user(db: DbContext):
         duplicate = userq.create(db, **kwargs)
 
     # Missing display name populates with username
-    user2_kw = {**kwargs, 'username': 'user2', 'display_name': None}
+    user2_kw = {**kwargs, "username": "user2", "display_name": None}
     user2 = userq.create(db, **user2_kw)
     assert user2.display_name is not None