diff --git a/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/Decision/AdjudicationDecision.cs b/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/AdjudicationDecision.cs
similarity index 89%
rename from MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/Decision/AdjudicationDecision.cs
rename to MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/AdjudicationDecision.cs
index 2e365e1..15ea90d 100644
--- a/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/Decision/AdjudicationDecision.cs
+++ b/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/AdjudicationDecision.cs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-namespace MultiversalDiplomacy.Adjudicate.Decision;
+namespace MultiversalDiplomacy.Adjudicate;
 
 /// <summary>
 /// Base class for adjudication decisions. The decision-based adjudication algorithm is based
diff --git a/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/Decision/MovementDecisions.cs b/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/Decision/MovementDecisions.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc79957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/Decision/MovementDecisions.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+using MultiversalDiplomacy.Model;
+using MultiversalDiplomacy.Orders;
+
+namespace MultiversalDiplomacy.Adjudicate.Decision;
+
+public class MovementDecisions
+{
+    public Dictionary<Unit, IsDislodged> IsDislodged { get; }
+    public Dictionary<MoveOrder, HasPath> HasPath { get; }
+    public Dictionary<SupportOrder, GivesSupport> GivesSupport { get; }
+    public Dictionary<Province, HoldStrength> HoldStrength { get; }
+    public Dictionary<MoveOrder, AttackStrength> AttackStrength { get; }
+    public Dictionary<MoveOrder, DefendStrength> DefendStrength { get; }
+    public Dictionary<MoveOrder, PreventStrength> PreventStrength { get; }
+    public Dictionary<MoveOrder, DoesMove> DoesMove { get; }
+
+    public IEnumerable<AdjudicationDecision> Values =>
+        this.IsDislodged.Values.Cast<AdjudicationDecision>()
+        .Concat(this.HasPath.Values)
+        .Concat(this.GivesSupport.Values)
+        .Concat(this.HoldStrength.Values)
+        .Concat(this.AttackStrength.Values)
+        .Concat(this.DefendStrength.Values)
+        .Concat(this.PreventStrength.Values)
+        .Concat(this.DoesMove.Values);
+
+    public MovementDecisions(List<Order> orders)
+    {
+        this.IsDislodged = new();
+        this.HasPath = new();
+        this.GivesSupport = new();
+        this.HoldStrength = new();
+        this.AttackStrength = new();
+        this.DefendStrength = new();
+        this.PreventStrength = new();
+        this.DoesMove = new();
+
+        foreach (UnitOrder order in orders.Cast<UnitOrder>())
+        {
+            // Create a dislodge decision for this unit.
+            List<MoveOrder> incoming = orders
+                .OfType<MoveOrder>()
+                .Where(move => move.Location.Province == order.Unit.Location.Province)
+                .ToList();
+            this.IsDislodged[order.Unit] = new(order, incoming);
+
+            // Ensure a hold strength decision exists. Overwrite any previous once, since it may
+            // have been created without an order by a previous move or support.
+            Province province = order.Unit.Location.Province;
+            this.HoldStrength[province] = new(province, order);
+
+            if (order is MoveOrder move)
+            {
+                // Find supports corresponding to this move.
+                List<SupportMoveOrder> supports = orders
+                    .OfType<SupportMoveOrder>()
+                    .Where(support => support.IsSupportFor(move))
+                    .ToList();
+
+                // Determine if this move is a head-to-head battle.
+                MoveOrder? opposingMove = orders
+                    .OfType<MoveOrder>()
+                    .FirstOrDefault(other => other != null && other.IsOpposing(move), null);
+
+                // Find competing moves.
+                List<MoveOrder> competing = orders
+                    .OfType<MoveOrder>()
+                    .Where(other => other.Location.Province == move.Location.Province)
+                    .ToList();
+
+                // Create the move-related decisions.
+                this.HasPath[move] = new(move);
+                this.AttackStrength[move] = new(move, supports, opposingMove);
+                this.DefendStrength[move] = new(move, supports);
+                this.PreventStrength[move] = new(move, supports, opposingMove);
+                this.DoesMove[move] = new(move, opposingMove, competing);
+
+                // Ensure a hold strength decision exists for the destination.
+                Province dest = move.Location.Province;
+                if (!this.HoldStrength.ContainsKey(dest))
+                {
+                    this.HoldStrength[dest] = new(dest);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (order is SupportOrder support)
+            {
+                // Create the support decision.
+                this.GivesSupport[support] = new(support, incoming);
+
+                // Ensure a hold strength decision exists for the target's province.
+                Province target = support.Target.Location.Province;
+                if (!this.HoldStrength.ContainsKey(target))
+                {
+                    this.HoldStrength[target] = new(target);
+                }
+
+                if (support is SupportHoldOrder supportHold)
+                {
+                    this.HoldStrength[target].Supports.Add(supportHold);
+                }
+                else if (support is SupportMoveOrder supportMove)
+                {
+                    // Ensure a hold strength decision exists for the target's destination.
+                    Province dest = supportMove.Location.Province;
+                    if (!this.HoldStrength.ContainsKey(dest))
+                    {
+                        this.HoldStrength[dest] = new(dest);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/IPhaseAdjudicator.cs b/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/IPhaseAdjudicator.cs
index 5869f3d..5ab155a 100644
--- a/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/IPhaseAdjudicator.cs
+++ b/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/IPhaseAdjudicator.cs
@@ -23,11 +23,32 @@ public interface IPhaseAdjudicator
     public List<OrderValidation> ValidateOrders(World world, List<Order> orders);
 
     /// <summary>
-    /// Given a list of valid orders, adjudicate the success and failure of the orders. The world
-    /// will be updated with new seasons and unit positions and returned alongside the adjudication
-    /// results.
+    /// Given a list of valid orders, adjudicate the success and failure of the orders. The kinds
+    /// of adjudication decisions returned depends on the phase adjudicator.
     /// </summary>
-    public (List<OrderAdjudication> results, World updated) AdjudicateOrders(
-        World world,
-        List<Order> orders);
+    /// <param name="world">The global game state.</param>
+    /// <param name="orders">
+    /// Orders to adjudicate. The order list should contain only valid orders, as validated by
+    /// <see cref="ValidateOrders"/>, and should contain exactly one order for every unit able to
+    /// be ordered.
+    /// </param>
+    /// <returns>
+    /// A list of adjudication decicions. The decision types will be specific to the phase
+    /// adjudicator and should be comprehensible to that adjudicator's <see cref="Update"/> method.
+    /// </returns>
+    public List<AdjudicationDecision> AdjudicateOrders(World world, List<Order> orders);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Given a list of adjudications, update the world according to the adjudication results.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="world">The global game state.</param>
+    /// <param name="decisions">
+    /// The results of adjudication. Like <see cref="AdjudicateOrders"/>, all objects to be updated
+    /// should have a relevant adjudication. The adjudication types will be specific to the phase
+    /// adjudicator.
+    /// </param>
+    /// <returns>
+    /// A new copy of the world, updated according to the adjudication.
+    /// </returns>
+    public World UpdateWorld(World world, List<AdjudicationDecision> decisions);
 }
diff --git a/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/MovementPhaseAdjudicator.cs b/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/MovementPhaseAdjudicator.cs
index 0799d0a..e8f43da 100644
--- a/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/MovementPhaseAdjudicator.cs
+++ b/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/MovementPhaseAdjudicator.cs
@@ -9,120 +9,6 @@ namespace MultiversalDiplomacy.Adjudicate;
 /// </summary>
 public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
 {
-    private class Decisions
-    {
-        public Dictionary<Unit, IsDislodged> IsDislodged { get; }
-        public Dictionary<MoveOrder, HasPath> HasPath { get; }
-        public Dictionary<SupportOrder, GivesSupport> GivesSupport { get; }
-        public Dictionary<Province, HoldStrength> HoldStrength { get; }
-        public Dictionary<MoveOrder, AttackStrength> AttackStrength { get; }
-        public Dictionary<MoveOrder, DefendStrength> DefendStrength { get; }
-        public Dictionary<MoveOrder, PreventStrength> PreventStrength { get; }
-        public Dictionary<MoveOrder, DoesMove> DoesMove { get; }
-
-        public List<AdjudicationDecision> UnresolvedDecisions { get; }
-
-        public Decisions(List<Order> orders)
-        {
-            this.IsDislodged = new();
-            this.HasPath = new();
-            this.GivesSupport = new();
-            this.HoldStrength = new();
-            this.AttackStrength = new();
-            this.DefendStrength = new();
-            this.PreventStrength = new();
-            this.DoesMove = new();
-
-            foreach (UnitOrder order in orders.Cast<UnitOrder>())
-            {
-                // Create a dislodge decision for this unit.
-                List<MoveOrder> incoming = orders
-                    .OfType<MoveOrder>()
-                    .Where(move => move.Location.Province == order.Unit.Location.Province)
-                    .ToList();
-                this.IsDislodged[order.Unit] = new(order, incoming);
-
-                // Ensure a hold strength decision exists.
-                Province province = order.Unit.Location.Province;
-                if (!this.HoldStrength.ContainsKey(province))
-                {
-                    this.HoldStrength[province] = new(province, order);
-                }
-
-                if (order is MoveOrder move)
-                {
-                    // Find supports corresponding to this move.
-                    List<SupportMoveOrder> supports = orders
-                        .OfType<SupportMoveOrder>()
-                        .Where(support => support.IsSupportFor(move))
-                        .ToList();
-
-                    // Determine if this move is a head-to-head battle.
-                    MoveOrder? opposingMove = orders
-                        .OfType<MoveOrder>()
-                        .FirstOrDefault(other => other != null && other.IsOpposing(move), null);
-
-                    // Find competing moves.
-                    List<MoveOrder> competing = orders
-                        .OfType<MoveOrder>()
-                        .Where(other => other.Location.Province == move.Location.Province)
-                        .ToList();
-
-                    // Create the move-related decisions.
-                    this.HasPath[move] = new(move);
-                    this.AttackStrength[move] = new(move, supports, opposingMove);
-                    this.DefendStrength[move] = new(move, supports);
-                    this.PreventStrength[move] = new(move, supports, opposingMove);
-                    this.DoesMove[move] = new(move, opposingMove, competing);
-
-                    // Ensure a hold strength decision exists for the destination.
-                    Province dest = move.Location.Province;
-                    if (!this.HoldStrength.ContainsKey(dest))
-                    {
-                        this.HoldStrength[dest] = new(dest);
-                    }
-                }
-                else if (order is SupportOrder support)
-                {
-                    // Create the support decision.
-                    this.GivesSupport[support] = new(support, incoming);
-
-                    // Ensure a hold strength decision exists for the target's province.
-                    Province target = support.Target.Location.Province;
-                    if (!this.HoldStrength.ContainsKey(target))
-                    {
-                        this.HoldStrength[target] = new(target);
-                    }
-
-                    if (support is SupportHoldOrder supportHold)
-                    {
-                        this.HoldStrength[target].Supports.Add(supportHold);
-                    }
-                    else if (support is SupportMoveOrder supportMove)
-                    {
-                        // Ensure a hold strength decision exists for the target's destination.
-                        Province dest = supportMove.Location.Province;
-                        if (!this.HoldStrength.ContainsKey(dest))
-                        {
-                            this.HoldStrength[dest] = new(dest);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            this.UnresolvedDecisions = new List<AdjudicationDecision>()
-                .Concat(this.IsDislodged.Values)
-                .Concat(this.HasPath.Values)
-                .Concat(this.GivesSupport.Values)
-                .Concat(this.HoldStrength.Values)
-                .Concat(this.AttackStrength.Values)
-                .Concat(this.DefendStrength.Values)
-                .Concat(this.PreventStrength.Values)
-                .Concat(this.DoesMove.Values)
-                .ToList();
-        }
-    }
-
     public static IPhaseAdjudicator Instance { get; } = new MovementPhaseAdjudicator();
 
     public List<OrderValidation> ValidateOrders(World world, List<Order> orders)
@@ -377,35 +263,38 @@ public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
         return validationResults;
     }
 
-    public (List<OrderAdjudication> results, World updated) AdjudicateOrders(
-        World world,
-        List<Order> orders)
+    public List<AdjudicationDecision> AdjudicateOrders(World world, List<Order> orders)
     {
         // Define all adjudication decisions to be made.
-        Decisions decisions = new Decisions(orders);
+        MovementDecisions decisions = new(orders);
+
+        List<AdjudicationDecision> unresolvedDecisions = decisions.Values.ToList();
 
         // Adjudicate all decisions.
         bool progress = false;
         do
         {
             progress = false;
-            foreach (AdjudicationDecision decision in decisions.UnresolvedDecisions.ToList())
+            foreach (AdjudicationDecision decision in unresolvedDecisions.ToList())
             {
                 progress |= ResolveDecision(decision, world, decisions);
-                if (decision.Resolved) decisions.UnresolvedDecisions.Remove(decision);
+                if (decision.Resolved) unresolvedDecisions.Remove(decision);
             }
         } while (progress);
 
-        if (decisions.UnresolvedDecisions.Any())
+        if (unresolvedDecisions.Any())
         {
             throw new ApplicationException("Some orders not resolved!");
         }
 
-        List<OrderAdjudication> adjudications = new();
+        return decisions.Values.ToList();
+    }
 
-        // All orders other than move orders are hold orders with extra steps.
-        ILookup<bool, Order> moveOrders = orders.ToLookup(order => order is MoveOrder);
-        List<Order> nonMoveOrders = moveOrders[false].ToList();
+    public World UpdateWorld(World world, List<AdjudicationDecision> decisions)
+    {
+        Dictionary<MoveOrder, DoesMove> moves = decisions
+            .OfType<DoesMove>()
+            .ToDictionary(dm => dm.Order);
 
         // All moves to a particular season in a single phase result in the same future. Keep a
         // record of when a future season has been created.
@@ -413,34 +302,35 @@ public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
         List<Unit> createdUnits = new();
         List<RetreatingUnit> retreats = new();
 
-        // For each move order with a successful does-move decision, ensure the future exists and
-        // progress the unit to the future.
-        foreach (MoveOrder move in moveOrders[true].Cast<MoveOrder>())
+        // Successful move orders result in the unit moving to the destination and creating a new
+        // future, while unsuccessful move orders are processed the same way as non-move orders.
+        foreach (DoesMove doesMove in moves.Values)
         {
-            DoesMove doesMove = decisions.DoesMove[move];
             if (doesMove.Outcome == true)
             {
-                if (!createdFutures.TryGetValue(move.Season, out Season? future))
+                if (!createdFutures.TryGetValue(doesMove.Order.Season, out Season? future))
                 {
-                    // A timeline doesn't fork unless it already has a continuation.
-                    future = move.Season.Futures.Any()
-                        ? move.Season.MakeNext()
-                        : move.Season.MakeFork();
-                    createdFutures[move.Season] = future;
+                    // A timeline that doesn't have a future yet simply continues. Otherwise, it forks.
+                    future = !doesMove.Order.Season.Futures.Any()
+                        ? doesMove.Order.Season.MakeNext()
+                        : doesMove.Order.Season.MakeFork();
+                    createdFutures[doesMove.Order.Season] = future;
                 }
-                createdUnits.Add(move.Unit.Next(move.Location, future));
+                createdUnits.Add(doesMove.Order.Unit.Next(doesMove.Order.Location, future));
             }
-            else
-            {
-                // If the move order failed, the moving unit will stay put, which puts it in the
-                // same bucket as the hold orders.
-                nonMoveOrders.Add(move);
-            }
-            adjudications.Add(new(move, doesMove.Outcome == true));
         }
 
-        foreach (UnitOrder order in nonMoveOrders.Cast<UnitOrder>())
+        // Process unsuccessful moves, all holds, and all supports.
+        foreach (IsDislodged isDislodged in decisions.OfType<IsDislodged>())
         {
+            UnitOrder order = isDislodged.Order;
+
+            // Skip the move orders that were processed above.
+            if (order is MoveOrder move && moves[move].Outcome == true)
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
             if (!createdFutures.TryGetValue(order.Unit.Season, out Season? future))
             {
                 // Any unit given an order is, by definition, at the front of a timeline.
@@ -449,7 +339,6 @@ public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
             }
 
             // For each stationary unit that wasn't dislodged, continue it into the future.
-            IsDislodged isDislodged = decisions.IsDislodged[order.Unit];
             if (isDislodged.Outcome == false)
             {
                 createdUnits.Add(order.Unit.Next(order.Unit.Location, future));
@@ -464,15 +353,6 @@ public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
                 RetreatingUnit retreat = new(order.Unit, validRetreats);
                 retreats.Add(retreat);
             }
-
-            if (order is SupportOrder support)
-            {
-                adjudications.Add(new(support, decisions.GivesSupport[support].Outcome == true));
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                adjudications.Add(new(order, isDislodged.Outcome == false));
-            }
         }
 
         // TODO provide more structured information about order outcomes
@@ -482,10 +362,13 @@ public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
             .WithUnits(world.Units.Concat(createdUnits))
             .WithRetreats(retreats);
 
-        return (adjudications, updated);
+        return updated;
     }
 
-    private bool ResolveDecision(AdjudicationDecision decision, World world, Decisions decisions)
+    private bool ResolveDecision(
+        AdjudicationDecision decision,
+        World world,
+        MovementDecisions decisions)
         => decision.Resolved ? false : decision switch
         {
             IsDislodged d => ResolveIsUnitDislodged(d, world, decisions),
@@ -499,7 +382,10 @@ public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
             _ => throw new NotSupportedException($"Unknown decision type: {decision.GetType()}")
         };
 
-    private bool ResolveIsUnitDislodged(IsDislodged decision, World world, Decisions decisions)
+    private bool ResolveIsUnitDislodged(
+        IsDislodged decision,
+        World world,
+        MovementDecisions decisions)
     {
         bool progress = false;
 
@@ -557,7 +443,10 @@ public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
         return progress;
     }
 
-    private bool ResolveDoesMoveHavePath(HasPath decision, World world, Decisions decisions)
+    private bool ResolveDoesMoveHavePath(
+        HasPath decision,
+        World world,
+        MovementDecisions decisions)
     {
         bool progress= false;
 
@@ -583,7 +472,10 @@ public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
         throw new NotImplementedException(); // TODO
     }
 
-    private bool ResolveIsSupportGiven(GivesSupport decision, World world, Decisions decisions)
+    private bool ResolveIsSupportGiven(
+        GivesSupport decision,
+        World world,
+        MovementDecisions decisions)
     {
         bool progress = false;
 
@@ -632,7 +524,10 @@ public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
         return progress;
     }
 
-    private bool ResolveHoldStrength(HoldStrength decision, World world, Decisions decisions)
+    private bool ResolveHoldStrength(
+        HoldStrength decision,
+        World world,
+        MovementDecisions decisions)
     {
         bool progress = false;
 
@@ -670,7 +565,10 @@ public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
         }
     }
 
-    private bool ResolveAttackStrength(AttackStrength decision, World world, Decisions decisions)
+    private bool ResolveAttackStrength(
+        AttackStrength decision,
+        World world,
+        MovementDecisions decisions)
     {
         bool progress = false;
 
@@ -768,7 +666,10 @@ public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
         }
     }
 
-    private bool ResolveDefendStrength(DefendStrength decision, World world, Decisions decisions)
+    private bool ResolveDefendStrength(
+        DefendStrength decision,
+        World world,
+        MovementDecisions decisions)
     {
         bool progress = false;
 
@@ -788,7 +689,10 @@ public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
         return progress;
     }
 
-    private bool ResolvePreventStrength(PreventStrength decision, World world, Decisions decisions)
+    private bool ResolvePreventStrength(
+        PreventStrength decision,
+        World world,
+        MovementDecisions decisions)
     {
         bool progress = false;
 
@@ -837,7 +741,10 @@ public class MovementPhaseAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
         return progress;
     }
 
-    private bool ResolveDoesUnitMove(DoesMove decision, World world, Decisions decisions)
+    private bool ResolveDoesUnitMove(
+        DoesMove decision,
+        World world,
+        MovementDecisions decisions)
     {
         bool progress = false;
 
diff --git a/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/OrderAdjudication.cs b/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/OrderAdjudication.cs
deleted file mode 100644
index c6ee08d..0000000
--- a/MultiversalDiplomacy/Adjudicate/OrderAdjudication.cs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-using MultiversalDiplomacy.Orders;
-
-namespace MultiversalDiplomacy.Adjudicate;
-
-/// <summary>
-/// Represents the result of adjudicating an order.
-/// </summary>
-public class OrderAdjudication
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    /// The order that was adjudicated.
-    /// </summary>
-    public Order Order { get; }
-
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Whether the order succeeded or failed.
-    /// </summary>
-    public bool Success { get; }
-
-    // /// <summary>
-    // /// The reason for the order's outcome.
-    // /// </summary>
-    // public string Reason { get; }
-
-    public OrderAdjudication(Order order, bool success/*, string reason*/)
-    {
-        this.Order = order;
-        this.Success = success;
-        // this.Reason = reason;
-    }
-}
-
-public static class OrderAdjudicationExtensions
-{
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Create an <see cref="OrderAdjudication"/> accepting this order.
-    /// </summary>
-    public static OrderAdjudication Succeed(this Order order)
-        => new OrderAdjudication(order, true);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/DATC_A.cs b/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/DATC_A.cs
index b7809b6..55dd429 100644
--- a/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/DATC_A.cs
+++ b/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/DATC_A.cs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ public class DATC_A
         setup["England"]
             .Fleet("North Sea").MovesTo("Picardy").GetReference(out var order);
 
-        setup.ValidateOrders(new MovementPhaseAdjudicator());
+        setup.ValidateOrders(MovementPhaseAdjudicator.Instance);
 
         Assert.That(order.Validation, Is.Invalid(ValidationReason.UnreachableDestination));
     }
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ public class DATC_A
         setup["Germany"]
             .Fleet("Kiel").MovesTo("Kiel").GetReference(out var order);
 
-        setup.ValidateOrders(new MovementPhaseAdjudicator());
+        setup.ValidateOrders(MovementPhaseAdjudicator.Instance);
 
         Assert.That(order.Validation, Is.Invalid(ValidationReason.DestinationMatchesOrigin));
     }
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public class DATC_A
                 .Fleet("London").MovesTo("Yorkshire")
                 .Army("Wales").Supports.Fleet("London").MoveTo("Yorkshire");
 
-        setup.ValidateOrders(new MovementPhaseAdjudicator());
+        setup.ValidateOrders(MovementPhaseAdjudicator.Instance);
 
         Assert.That(orderNth.Validation, Is.Invalid(ValidationReason.DestinationMatchesOrigin));
         Assert.That(orderYor.Validation, Is.Invalid(ValidationReason.DestinationMatchesOrigin));
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ public class DATC_A
             ["Germany"]
                 .Fleet("London", powerName: "England").MovesTo("North Sea").GetReference(out var order);
 
-        setup.ValidateOrders(new MovementPhaseAdjudicator());
+        setup.ValidateOrders(MovementPhaseAdjudicator.Instance);
 
         Assert.That(order.Validation, Is.Invalid(ValidationReason.InvalidUnitForPower));
     }
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ public class DATC_A
                 .Fleet("London").MovesTo("Belgium")
                 .Fleet("North Sea").Convoys.Army("London").To("Belgium").GetReference(out var order);
 
-        setup.ValidateOrders(new MovementPhaseAdjudicator());
+        setup.ValidateOrders(MovementPhaseAdjudicator.Instance);
 
         Assert.That(order.Validation, Is.Invalid(ValidationReason.InvalidOrderTypeForUnit));
     }
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ public class DATC_A
             ["Austria"]
                 .Fleet("Trieste").Supports.Fleet("Trieste").Hold().GetReference(out var order);
 
-        setup.ValidateOrders(new MovementPhaseAdjudicator());
+        setup.ValidateOrders(MovementPhaseAdjudicator.Instance);
 
         Assert.That(order.Validation, Is.Invalid(ValidationReason.NoSelfSupport));
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ public class DATC_A
             ["Italy"]
                 .Fleet("Rome").MovesTo("Venice").GetReference(out var order);
 
-        setup.ValidateOrders(new MovementPhaseAdjudicator());
+        setup.ValidateOrders(MovementPhaseAdjudicator.Instance);
 
         Assert.That(order.Validation, Is.Invalid(ValidationReason.UnreachableDestination));
     }
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ public class DATC_A
                 .Army("Apulia").MovesTo("Venice")
                 .Fleet("Rome").Supports.Army("Apulia").MoveTo("Venice").GetReference(out var order);
 
-        setup.ValidateOrders(new MovementPhaseAdjudicator());
+        setup.ValidateOrders(MovementPhaseAdjudicator.Instance);
 
         Assert.That(order.Validation, Is.Invalid(ValidationReason.UnreachableSupport));
 
diff --git a/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/MovementAdjudicatorTest.cs b/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/MovementAdjudicatorTest.cs
index ec23950..11374e8 100644
--- a/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/MovementAdjudicatorTest.cs
+++ b/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/MovementAdjudicatorTest.cs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ public class MovementAdjudicatorTest
         setup["Germany"]
             .Army("Mun").Holds().GetReference(out var order);
 
-        setup.ValidateOrders(new MovementPhaseAdjudicator());
+        setup.ValidateOrders(MovementPhaseAdjudicator.Instance);
 
         Assert.That(order.Validation, Is.Valid, "Unexpected validation result");
         Assert.That(order.Replacement, Is.Null, "Unexpected order replacement");
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ public class MovementAdjudicatorTest
         setup["Germany"]
             .Army("Mun").MovesTo("Tyr").GetReference(out var order);
 
-        setup.ValidateOrders(new MovementPhaseAdjudicator());
+        setup.ValidateOrders(MovementPhaseAdjudicator.Instance);
 
         Assert.That(order.Validation, Is.Valid, "Unexpected validation result");
         Assert.That(order.Replacement, Is.Null, "Unexpected order replacement");
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public class MovementAdjudicatorTest
         setup["Germany"]
             .Fleet("Nth").Convoys.Army("Hol").To("Lon").GetReference(out var order);
 
-        setup.ValidateOrders(new MovementPhaseAdjudicator());
+        setup.ValidateOrders(MovementPhaseAdjudicator.Instance);
 
         Assert.That(order.Validation, Is.Valid, "Unexpected validation result");
         Assert.That(order.Replacement, Is.Null, "Unexpected order replacement");
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public class MovementAdjudicatorTest
         setup["Germany"]
             .Army("Mun").Supports.Army("Kie").Hold().GetReference(out var order);
 
-        setup.ValidateOrders(new MovementPhaseAdjudicator());
+        setup.ValidateOrders(MovementPhaseAdjudicator.Instance);
 
         Assert.That(order.Validation, Is.Valid, "Unexpected validation result");
         Assert.That(order.Replacement, Is.Null, "Unexpected order replacement");
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ public class MovementAdjudicatorTest
         setup["Germany"]
             .Army("Mun").Supports.Army("Kie").MoveTo("Ber").GetReference(out var order);
 
-        setup.ValidateOrders(new MovementPhaseAdjudicator());
+        setup.ValidateOrders(MovementPhaseAdjudicator.Instance);
 
         Assert.That(order.Validation, Is.Valid, "Unexpected validation result");
         Assert.That(order.Replacement, Is.Null, "Unexpected order replacement");
diff --git a/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/OrderReference.cs b/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/OrderReference.cs
index ca18d3c..5dea7a3 100644
--- a/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/OrderReference.cs
+++ b/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/OrderReference.cs
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 using MultiversalDiplomacy.Adjudicate;
+using MultiversalDiplomacy.Adjudicate.Decision;
+using MultiversalDiplomacy.Model;
 using MultiversalDiplomacy.Orders;
 
 using NUnit.Framework;
@@ -61,6 +63,45 @@ public class OrderReference<OrderType> where OrderType : Order
         }
     }
 
+    public List<AdjudicationDecision> Adjudications
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            if (this.Builder.AdjudicationResults == null)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Adjudication has not been done yet");
+            }
+            var adjudications = this.Builder.AdjudicationResults.Where(ad => ad switch
+            {
+                IsDislodged dislodged => dislodged.Order == this.Order,
+                DoesMove moves => moves.Order == this.Order,
+                _ => false,
+            }).ToList();
+            return adjudications;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public RetreatingUnit? Retreat
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            if (this.Builder.AdjudicationResults == null)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("Adjudication has not been done yet");
+            }
+            if (this.Order is UnitOrder unitOrder)
+            {
+                var retreat = this.Builder.World.RetreatingUnits.Where(
+                    ru => ru.Unit == unitOrder.Unit);
+                if (retreat.Any())
+                {
+                    return retreat.Single();
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
     public OrderReference(TestCaseBuilder builder, OrderType order)
     {
         this.Builder = builder;
diff --git a/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/TestAdjudicator.cs b/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/TestAdjudicator.cs
index b5b5751..b85f8d1 100644
--- a/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/TestAdjudicator.cs
+++ b/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/TestAdjudicator.cs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using MultiversalDiplomacy.Adjudicate;
+using MultiversalDiplomacy.Adjudicate.Decision;
 using MultiversalDiplomacy.Model;
 using MultiversalDiplomacy.Orders;
 
@@ -6,24 +7,79 @@ namespace MultiversalDiplomacyTests;
 
 public class TestAdjudicator : IPhaseAdjudicator
 {
-    public static Func<World, List<Order>, List<OrderValidation>> RubberStamp =
-        (world, orders) => orders.Select(o => o.Validate(ValidationReason.Valid)).ToList();
+    public static List<OrderValidation> RubberStamp(World world, List<Order> orders)
+    {
+        return orders.Select(o => o.Validate(ValidationReason.Valid)).ToList();
+    }
+
+    public static List<AdjudicationDecision> NoMoves(
+        World world,
+        List<Order> orders)
+    {
+        List<AdjudicationDecision> results = new();
+        foreach (Order order in orders)
+        {
+            switch (order)
+            {
+                case MoveOrder move:
+                {
+                    var doesMove = new DoesMove(move, null, new List<MoveOrder>());
+                    doesMove.Update(false);
+                    results.Add(doesMove);
+                    var dislodged = new IsDislodged(move, new List<MoveOrder>());
+                    dislodged.Update(false);
+                    results.Add(dislodged);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                default:
+                {
+                    if (order is not UnitOrder unitOrder)
+                    {
+                        throw new ArgumentException(order.GetType().Name);
+                    }
+                    var dislodged = new IsDislodged(unitOrder, new List<MoveOrder>());
+                    dislodged.Update(false);
+                    results.Add(dislodged);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return results;
+    }
+
+    public static World Noop(World world, List<AdjudicationDecision> decisions)
+        => world;
+
+    private static List<OrderValidation> NoValidate(World world, List<Order> orders)
+        => throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    private static List<AdjudicationDecision> NoAdjudicate(World world, List<Order> orders)
+        => throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+    private static World NoUpdate(World world, List<AdjudicationDecision> decisions)
+        => throw new NotImplementedException();
 
     private Func<World, List<Order>, List<OrderValidation>> ValidateOrdersCallback;
+    private Func<World, List<Order>, List<AdjudicationDecision>> AdjudicateOrdersCallback;
+    private Func<World, List<AdjudicationDecision>, World> UpdateWorldCallback;
 
     public TestAdjudicator(
-        Func<World, List<Order>, List<OrderValidation>> validateOrdersCallback)
+        Func<World, List<Order>, List<OrderValidation>>? validate = null,
+        Func<World, List<Order>, List<AdjudicationDecision>>? adjudicate = null,
+        Func<World, List<AdjudicationDecision>, World>? update = null)
     {
-        this.ValidateOrdersCallback = validateOrdersCallback;
+        this.ValidateOrdersCallback = validate ?? NoValidate;
+        this.AdjudicateOrdersCallback = adjudicate ?? NoAdjudicate;
+        this.UpdateWorldCallback = update ?? NoUpdate;
     }
 
     public List<OrderValidation> ValidateOrders(World world, List<Order> orders)
         => this.ValidateOrdersCallback.Invoke(world, orders);
 
-    public (List<OrderAdjudication> results, World updated) AdjudicateOrders(
-        World world,
-        List<Order> orders)
-    {
-        throw new NotImplementedException();
-    }
+    public List<AdjudicationDecision> AdjudicateOrders(World world, List<Order> orders)
+        => this.AdjudicateOrdersCallback(world, orders);
+
+    public World UpdateWorld(World world, List<AdjudicationDecision> decisions)
+        => this.UpdateWorldCallback(world, decisions);
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/TestCaseBuilder.cs b/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/TestCaseBuilder.cs
index 6767f7d..9812085 100644
--- a/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/TestCaseBuilder.cs
+++ b/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/TestCaseBuilder.cs
@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ public class TestCaseBuilder
     private List<Order> OrderList;
     private Season Season;
     public List<OrderValidation>? ValidationResults { get; private set; }
+    public List<AdjudicationDecision>? AdjudicationResults { get; private set; }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Create a test case builder that will operate on a world.
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ public class TestCaseBuilder
         this.Orders = new(this.OrderList);
         this.Season = season ?? this.World.Seasons.First();
         this.ValidationResults = null;
+        this.AdjudicationResults = null;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -225,6 +227,32 @@ public class TestCaseBuilder
         return this.ValidationResults;
     }
 
+    public List<AdjudicationDecision> AdjudicateOrders(IPhaseAdjudicator adjudicator)
+    {
+        if (this.ValidationResults == null)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Cannot adjudicate before validation");
+        }
+
+        List<Order> orders = this.ValidationResults
+            .Where(validation => validation.Valid)
+            .Select(validation => validation.Order)
+            .ToList();
+        this.AdjudicationResults = adjudicator.AdjudicateOrders(this.World, orders);
+        return this.AdjudicationResults;
+    }
+
+    public World UpdateWorld(IPhaseAdjudicator adjudicator)
+    {
+        if (this.AdjudicationResults == null)
+        {
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("Cannot update before adjudication");
+        }
+
+        this.World = adjudicator.UpdateWorld(this.World, this.AdjudicationResults);
+        return this.World;
+    }
+
     private class PowerContext : IPowerContext
     {
         public TestCaseBuilder Builder;
diff --git a/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/TestCaseBuilderTest.cs b/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/TestCaseBuilderTest.cs
index 267acbd..f116e0b 100644
--- a/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/TestCaseBuilderTest.cs
+++ b/MultiversalDiplomacyTests/TestCaseBuilderTest.cs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using MultiversalDiplomacy.Adjudicate;
+using MultiversalDiplomacy.Adjudicate.Decision;
 using MultiversalDiplomacy.Model;
 using MultiversalDiplomacy.Orders;
 
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ class TestCaseBuilderTest
     [Test]
     public void BuilderProvidesReferencesForValidation()
     {
-        IPhaseAdjudicator rubberStamp = new TestAdjudicator(TestAdjudicator.RubberStamp);
+        IPhaseAdjudicator rubberStamp = new TestAdjudicator(validate: TestAdjudicator.RubberStamp);
 
         TestCaseBuilder setup = new TestCaseBuilder(World.WithStandardMap().WithInitialSeason());
         setup["Germany"]
@@ -133,13 +134,13 @@ class TestCaseBuilderTest
             Is.EqualTo(setup.World.GetLand("Mun")),
             "Wrong unit");
 
-        Assert.That<OrderValidation>(
-            () => orderMun.Validation,
+        Assert.That(
+            code: () => _ = orderMun.Validation,
             Throws.Exception,
             "Validation property should be inaccessible before validation actually happens");
         setup.ValidateOrders(rubberStamp);
-        Assert.That<OrderValidation>(
-            () => orderMun.Validation,
+        Assert.That(
+            code: () => _ = orderMun.Validation,
             Throws.Nothing,
             "Validation property should be accessible after validation");
 
@@ -156,4 +157,60 @@ class TestCaseBuilderTest
             Is.EqualTo(ValidationReason.Valid),
             "Unexpected validation reason");
     }
+
+    public void BuilderProvidesReferencesForAdjudication()
+    {
+        IPhaseAdjudicator rubberStamp = new TestAdjudicator(
+            validate: TestAdjudicator.RubberStamp,
+            adjudicate: TestAdjudicator.NoMoves);
+
+        TestCaseBuilder setup = new TestCaseBuilder(World.WithStandardMap().WithInitialSeason());
+        setup["Germany"]
+            .Army("Mun").Holds().GetReference(out var orderMun);
+
+        Assert.That(
+            code: () => _ = orderMun.Adjudications,
+            Throws.Exception,
+            "Adjudication property should be inaccessible before validation");
+        Assert.That(
+            code: () => _ = orderMun.Retreat,
+            Throws.Exception,
+            "Retreat property should be inaccessible before validation");
+
+        setup.ValidateOrders(rubberStamp);
+        Assert.That(
+            code: () => _ = orderMun.Adjudications,
+            Throws.Exception,
+            "Adjudication property should be inaccessible before adjudication");
+        Assert.That(
+            code: () => _ = orderMun.Retreat,
+            Throws.Exception,
+            "Retreat property should be inaccessible before adjudication");
+
+        var decisions = setup.AdjudicateOrders(rubberStamp);
+        Assert.That(
+            code: () => _ = orderMun.Adjudications,
+            Throws.Nothing,
+            "Adjudication property should be accessible after adjudication");
+        Assert.That(
+            code: () => _ = orderMun.Retreat,
+            Throws.Nothing,
+            "Retreat property should be accessible after validation");
+
+        Assert.That(orderMun.Retreat, Is.Null, "Noop adjudicator shouldn't cause retreats");
+        Assert.That(
+            orderMun.Adjudications.Count,
+            Is.EqualTo(1),
+            "Unexpected number of adjudications");
+        AdjudicationDecision decision = orderMun.Adjudications.First();
+        Assert.That(decision.Resolved, Is.True, "Unexpected unresolved decision");
+        Assert.That(
+            decision,
+            Is.AssignableTo<IsDislodged>(),
+            "Noop adjudicator should provide a dislodge decision for a hold");
+        CollectionAssert.Contains(
+            decisions,
+            decision,
+            "Expected the adjudicated decision to be provided by the order reference");
+    }
 }